英语笔译（二）课程教案
学期：2015-2016学年春季学期
学时：32
学分：2
授课对象：英语13级1-4班
教材：《中级翻译教程（第三版）》，上海外语教育出版社，2008年4月，孙万彪主编
任课教师：唐晓东、孙丽
1．课程概要：
本课程向学生讲授基本翻译理论和常用的翻译方法技巧。通过理论学习和反复实践，要求学生基本了解翻译史、翻译的标准、英汉语言对比以及文化与翻译、文体与翻译、文学翻译等方面的翻译理论，并熟练掌握翻译的方法和技巧，能运用所学知识翻译各种体裁的短文。
2．课程成果：
修完本课程的学生应达到如下要求：
1. 具备笔头翻译的基本能力。要求译文比较准确、流畅，翻译速度达到每小时200字。
2. 掌握英汉双语翻译的基本理论，掌握英汉词语、长句的翻译技巧和英汉互译的能力。
3．课程考核及成绩：
课程成绩（100%）=平时考核（30%）+期末考试（70%）
平时考核（30%）=课堂测验（6%） *5次
平时成绩：病假、事假1次，扣2分；迟到1次，扣5分；旷课1次，扣10分；旷课3次，平时成绩为0分，取消期末考试资格，课程成绩为0；学生违反课堂纪律、上课睡觉、做于课堂无关的事情、不认真完成课堂翻译练习的，每次扣1分。课上随时抽查学生掌握情况，每人每学期5次，每次6分。
期末考试：考试内容课内内容50%，课外内容50%（与课上所学知识相关），考试时间为90分钟。
第一次课课程介绍、上学期期末考试成绩分析、专八翻译练习
一、课程成果
1.了解本课程具体情况；
2.了解上学期期末考试相关试题翻译技巧。
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1．课程介绍：1课时
2．翻译练习：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）课程教学要求
1、师生密切配合，高效、高质完成教和学。
2、师生教学多沟通和交流，经常进行答疑。
3、尊重老师，尊重学生，遵守纪律，不旷课，不迟到和早退，有事请假，上课认真听讲，遵守课堂纪律，不讲话，不吃东西，不做其他影响老师和同学听课的事情。
4、诚信考试，诚信考试，自觉养成好的学习习惯，培养学习方法。
5、希望同学能认真记课堂笔记，便于掌握老师的教学内容。
6、按时完成作业，不抄袭，及时消化和理解上课内容，不留欠债。
7、课程学习纪律：小班授课，坚持每次点名，旷课3次取消考核资格；学生学习态度端正，课上练习认真，课上练习不认真者扣除课堂表现成绩；测试和考试舞弊，取消考核资格。
8、班级学习委员负责与老师联系教学，收发作业。
（二）教学环节安排
1、学时安排：课程总学时32学时。
2、课程考核及成绩：
课程成绩（100%）=平时考核（30%）+期末考试（70%）
平时考核（30%）=课堂测验（6%） *5次
平时成绩：病假、事假1次，扣2分；迟到1次，扣5分；旷课1次，扣10分；旷课3次，平时成绩为0分，取消期末考试资格，课程成绩为0；学生违反课堂纪律、上课睡觉、做于课堂无关的事情、不认真完成课堂翻译练习的，每次扣1分。课上随时抽查学生掌握情况，每人每学期5次，每次6分。
期末考试：考试内容课内内容50%，课外内容50%（与课上所学知识相关），考试时间为90分钟。
（三）教学资料
主要教学用书：《中级翻译教程》，由“上海市英语中级口译资格证书考试”教材编委会孙万彪等编写，上海外语教育出版社出版。辅助材料：教师选取其他相关书籍内容，印刷并装订成册按成本价收费发给学生，作为课堂翻译练习及翻译技法练习材料。
（四）上学期期末成绩分析及讲解
1. Long Sentence Translation (10*1=10)
1．The enduring significance of the Shanghai Communiqué is symbolized by the fact that two of the participants in the ceremony fifteen years ago –Ambassadors Han Xu and Winston Lord – are now charged with even greater responsibilities for promoting good relations between our two countries.
2．If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
2. Passage Translation-- Chinese to English
1．“吉祥物”作为代表东道国特色的标志物，是一个国家文化的象征。她从各个层面反映了东道国的历史发展、文化观念、意识形态以及社会背景，并在政治、经济、文化等多个领域的传播中扮演着十分重要的角色。中国2010年上海世博会吉祥物的名字叫“海宝（HAIBAO）”,意即“四海之宝”。“海宝”的名字朗朗上口，也和他身体的色彩呼应，符合中国民俗的吉祥称谓原则。“海宝”的名字与吉祥物的形象密不可分，寓意吉祥。 海宝是中国2010年上海世博会的形象大使，他正用热情的双臂、自信的微笑欢迎来自全球各地的朋友们。
2．深圳证券交易所（简称深交所）成立于1990年12月1日，是由中国证监会监督管理的自律管理的法人。其主要职能包括，提供证券交易的场所和设施；制定业务规则；安排证券上市；组织、监督证券交易；对会员进行监管；对上市公司进行监管；管理和公布市场信息；中国证监会许可的其他职能。
3. Advanced Translation—English to Chinese
1．What is a novel? I say: an invented story. At the same time a story which, though invented, has the power to ring true. True to what? True to life as the reader knows life to be or, it may be, feels life to be. And I mean the adult, the grown-up reader. Such a reader has outgrown fairy tales, and we do not want the fantastic and the impossible. So I say to you that a novel must stand up to the adult tests of reality.
2．In a normal recession, the to-do list is clear. Copies of Keynes are dusted off, the banks lower interest rates, the president and Congress cut taxes and hike spending. In time, purchasing, production and loans perk up, and Keynes is placed back on the shelf. No larger alterations to the economy are made, because our economy, but for the occasional bump in the road, is fundamentally sound. This has been the drill in every recession since World War II.
四、专八翻译练习
五、作业
预习教材Unit 5, Exercise 1。
第二次课第五单元：亨利福特与美国汽车、专八翻译练习
一、课程成果
1. 了解关于福特和美国汽车的翻译；
2. 专八翻译练习（1篇，英译汉）。
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 课堂翻译练习：1课时
2. 教材Unit 1：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）教材Unit 5-1
1.Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford.
底特律的迅速发展及其一度繁荣归功于汽车业,尤其归功于亨利福特。
e.g. As everyone knows, these achievements should mainly owe to his original thought of managing the state affairs by economy.
众所周知,这些成就主要应归功于其独到的经济治国思想。
e.g. He owes his success to his father.他把他的成功归功于他的父亲。
e.g. Jim attributes his success to hard work.吉姆把他的成功归功于努力工作。
e.g. Economists attributes the slow progress in economy to poor cooperation.经济学家把经济增长缓慢归咎于合作不好。
owe…to…和attribute…to…区别在于owe主语既可以是人也可以是物,attribute主语只能是人；另外owe只用于主动句,大多为褒义。
2.Many automobiles were being built by the hand at the turn of the century and were much too expensive for all but the wealthy.在20世纪初,许多汽车是手工制造的,对于除富人以外的所有人来说,其价格实在太贵。
e.g. Silk handkerchiefs embroidered by hand sell well in the Western market.
手绣的丝制手帕在西方市场销路很好。
e.g. Nearly all clothing was handmade from the fibers of plants or from the hides of animals.
几乎所有的衣料都是用植物纤维或动物毛皮手工制成的。
e.g. All employment contracts involving manual workers, or non-manual employees with monthly wages not exceeding $20,000, must be attested by the Commissioner for Labour.
所有体力劳动雇员或月薪不超过2万元的非体力劳动雇员的雇佣合约,均须由劳工处处长核签。
3.Blacks from the south poured into the city, until there were almost as many blacks in Detroit as whites.
南方的黑人纷纷涌入底特律,到后来黑人人口几乎与白人一样多。
e.g. As our country joins WTO, a large amount of foreign accounting thoughts and ideas pour into our country gradually. More and more foreign accounting offices will enter the accounting market of our country and launch the accounting service item.
随着我国加入WTO,大量国外的会计思想和观念逐渐涌入我国,越来越多的国外会计师事务所将进入我国的会计市场开展会计服务业务。
e.g. With the deepening of reform and opening-up in China, especially after entering WTO, many foreign-invested enterprises pour into China’s mainland, and the communication among China and other countries become more and more.
中国自改革开放以来,尤其是在加入WTO之后,与各国经济的交流迅猛发展,大量合资企业涌入中国大陆。
4.Other industries connected with the automobile were attracted to Detroit, and more and more factories sprang up in and around the city.
其他与汽车工业相关的产业被吸引到底特律,越来越多的工厂在市内和四周拔地而起。
e.g. The spring up of network provides new challenge for university moral education as well as new opportunity and approach for university moral education innovation.
网络的兴起给高校德育工作提出了新的挑战,同时也为高校德育创新提供了新的机遇和途径
e.g. Urban economy and culture spring up with the development of Chinese modernization construction. Constructing urban aesthetics with the urban inhabitants as objects is the new task and orientation of aesthetics.
随着中国现代化建设的迅猛发展,城市经济、文化也随之崛起,以城市人的审美经验为研究对象,建立城市美学,是美学研究的新任务与新方向。
5.True to the tradition of the American millionaires, Edsel and Henry Ford II gave away half their fortune.
艾赛尔哥福特二世遵循美国百万富翁的传统,捐出了一半财产。
e.g. He wants to give away all his modern possessions and return to nature.
他要舍弃一切时髦的东西而归真返璞。
e.g. He was given away by one of his accomplices.
他被他的一个同谋者出卖了。
6.Americans depend on the automobile like no other people.
美国人对于汽车的依赖,是任何国家的人所不及的。
e.g. No other people can compare with Americans as far as their dependence on the automobile is concerned.
7.In the 1960s there was a change in fashion in favor of small cars.
二十世纪六十年代出现了一个变化,人们崇尚小型汽车。
e.g. Public opinion was moving strongly in favor of disarmament. 公众舆论正在强烈支持裁军。
e.g. In designing their buildings Spanish architects have abandoned straight lines in favor of curves.在建筑设计上,西班牙建筑师放弃了直线而偏爱曲线。
8.Now American automobile manufacturers have followed the trend. They are committed to building smaller new cars, as part of a program of energy conservation.
现在美国汽车制造商已经顺应这股潮流,他们致力于制造新的小型汽车,作为实现节约能源计划的一个部分。
e.g. The insane man was committed to an asylum. 那个精神失常的人被送进了精神病院。
e.g. The girl was committed to the care of an aunt. 这女孩被交给姨母照顾。
9.It remains to be seen, however, if the American automobile industry will ever again regain its former glory.
然而,美国汽车业能否重铸昔日的辉煌,人们拭目以待。
e.g. A measure of control will have been reintroduced to the situation, but it remains to be seen whether the measures will be efficient.
一种控制的方法将被重新引进到这种情况中,但这些方法是否有效,还需要进一步观察。
e.g. Whether Margaret Thatcher goes down in history as a great leader remains to be seen.
玛格丽特·撒切尔能否作为一名伟大的领袖而被载入史册,还有待证实。
（二）课堂翻译练习
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.
You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy.
You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word, it is victory. Victory at all costs-victory in spite of all terrors-victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.
Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal.
四、作业
复习背诵Unit 5-1中所学的词汇及句型。
第三次课第五单元：美国人对待体力劳动的态度、定语从句翻译方法
一、课程成果
1. 了解体力劳动相关词汇的说法；
2. 了解定语从句翻译的方法
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 课堂翻译练习：1课时
2. 定语从句翻译：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）教材Unit 5-2
1.Now there is in America a curious combination of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living and genuine delight in what one is able to accomplish with one’s own hands.
现在美国有一个稀奇的现象：一方面人们为上升到不再需要体力劳动来谋生的地位而感到骄傲,另一方面却又对能用自己双手做成一件事情而感到由衷的高兴。
2.There is every evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children.
种种迹象表明,这户人家有钱去国外旅游,享受很费钱的业余爱好,还有能力供子女上学。
There are signs/indications that….Fact that
3.The majority of families cannot afford to pay what people who do housework or gardening charge for their services.
大多数家庭付不起请人干家务活修剪花木的费用。
4.The expense of household service and of skilled labor, such as painting and carpentry, and the tradition of working with one’s hands have contributed to keeping alive the spirit of “do-it-yourself”.
由于请人做家务或干诸如油漆和木匠这样的技术活费用很高,加上美国人有自己动手干活的传统,这两者促成了“自己动手”的精神长存不衰。
5.The average American gets a good deal of pleasure out of telling others about his or her projects, exhibiting them for their neighbors, or taking them to the county fair, where they will surely win a prize.
普通的美国人会把自己的制作告诉别人,向邻居展示,或者送县展评会参展（相信肯定会得奖）,从中得到很大的乐趣。
（二）翻译技法之定语从句翻译
Translating Attributive Clauses
Examples
压缩法：英语定语从句压缩成汉语的一个句子成分，也就是译成汉语中带“的”的词组。
No doubt there are questions or principles involved which can not be ignored and underestimated.
无疑，这里涉及的有我们不能忽视或低估的原则问题。
溶合法：把定语从句译成汉语的谓语，同时把主句译成汉语的词组作主语，二者溶合，已成独立的简单句。
There was another man who seemed to have answer and that was Mr. Green.
另外有一人似乎胸有成竹，那就是格林先生。
拆译法：如果定语从句冗长复杂，不论是限制性的或是非限制性的，往往可以译成并列句，放在主句的前后，偶尔还可以完全脱离主句而独立成句。
There will come a day when he will become a well-known musician.
将来总有那么一天，他将成为一位著名的音乐家。
转译法：有些定语从句在逻辑上对主句起着状语的作用，说明原因、结果、条件和让步等关系。翻译时，应从原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑关系，然后译成汉语相应的偏正复句。
Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments.
中国派贸易代表团前往非洲各国，以便于这些国家的政府商谈贸易协定。（目的）
Exercise:
a. This type of meter is called multimeter, which is used to measure currents, voltages and resistances.
这种仪表叫做万用表，用来测量电流、电压和电阻。
b. There is nothing that does not contain contradiction; without contradiction, nothing would exist.
没有什么事物是不包含矛盾的，没有矛盾就没有世界。
c. China has changed from being a country where the great majority was illiterate to one where the great majority is literate.
中国已经从一个大多数人是文盲的国家变成一个大多数人识字的国家。
d. The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.
渴望踢足球的孩子们因下雨而感到失望。
e. Chinese people invented the compass and used it on their voyage one ago, which is already a well-known fact to all.
中国人民早就发明了指南针并用于航海，这是众所周知的事实。
f. I had seldom met an American who served in China during World War II who had not known Zhou Enlai.
我很少见过一个第二次世界大战期间曾在中国工作过而不认识周恩来的美国人。
g. This was the only thing he said that I thought a bit silly.
他所讲的只有这一点我认为有些莫名其妙。
h. The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked Brittles, who asked the thinker, who pretended not to hear.
厨子的脸色变得苍白，要女仆把门关上，女仆又叫布立特尔关，布立特尔又叫补锅匠关，而补锅匠装作没听见。
i. I consider my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out.
我认为我10月27日给您的信和您今日的回答表达了我们两国政府的坚定承诺，其付诸实施当时刻不容缓的。
j. I should like to see in her eyes that strength of character which has enabled her to stand firm in the face of difficulties, and that compassion for all humanity which she has revealed to me so often.
我渴望看一看她双目中显示的坚毅的性格----正是这种性格使她面对重重困难而坚定不移；还有那对整个人类的挚诚之爱----这种挚爱她也曾多次倾注于我。
四、作业
背诵Unit 5-2的词汇和句型，预习Unit 6-1。
第四次课第六单元：关于在中国做生意的一些看法、专八翻译练习
一、课程成果
1. 了解商业类翻译方法；
2. 课外翻译练习
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. Unit 6 练习一：1课时；
2. 翻译练习：1课时。
三、教学内容
（一）教材Unit 6-1
（二）课外翻译练习
How to Win in Business in China怎么在中国赢取商机
China has changed enormously over the last 20 years. Its economy has been growing at 10% a year, and it's on track to be the world’s largest economy soon. Today, 80% of the world’s electronic goods are made in China. As a result, more and more western companies want to do business in China. But how easy is it for a westerner to do business there? Here are some tips from the British Embassy in Beijing.
Take your time. In the west, business is ruled by deadlines. Chinese business people seem to act slowly by western standards, so be prepared to wait for decisions.
Build relationships. In the west, it's usual to do business first, and then see if a relationship is possible. In China, it's the opposite. You need to build a relationship before you can do business. This leads to the idea of ‘guanxi’. Guanxi means using personal contacts and relationships to do business, and westerners need to understand how real and strong this is in China.It can also be useful to find a reliable Chinese ally to work with you. He or she will be able to help with language or cultural problems and will also be able to understand Chinese body language.
You must remember to respect ‘face’. Face means having high status with your peers. Face can be lost, given or earned. Never criticize or insult someone in front of others, as losing face will make it impossible to make a deal. On the other hand, if you praise someone by saying good things about him or her, then he or she will gain face, but be careful not to do it too much.
Accept the pecking order. Hierarchy is very important in China, and the group is more important than the individual. In business, Chinese people often don't like taking responsibility individually and may also not like giving opinions in front of peers, in case they lose face.
All these tricks of the trade can help you to play the game and do business successfully in China. Be prepared, and be patient if you want to be a winner in China.
四、作业
背诵课上所讲内容；自学Unit 6-2、7-1。
第五次课第七单元：西欧日益加剧的养老金危机、状语从句翻译方法
一、课程成果
1. 了解养老金危机相关词汇的翻译；
2. 翻译状语从句
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 第七单元练习二：1课时
2. 翻译技法练习：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）教材Unit7-2
1.The Ballooning Pension Crisis in Western Europe西欧日益加剧的养老金危机
balloon n.气球vt.使膨胀vi.胀鼓、激增adj.如气球状的
Her coat ballooned around her in the wind.
Within weeks, the conflict had ballooned into full-scale war.
2.Millions of elderly Germans received a notice from the Health & Social Security Ministry earlier this month that struck a damaging blow to the welfare state.
本月早些时候,数百万德国老年人收到了卫生和社会保障部的一个通知,该通知给了这个福利国家一个极有破坏力的打击。
damaging有破坏力的destructive, devastating毁灭性的
blow n.吹,打击v吹,擤鼻涕
The death of their daughter was a cruel blow.
女儿的死对他们是一个残酷的打击。
He is an agreeable fellow, but likes to blow his own horn.
他是一个随和的人,但就是喜欢自吹自擂。
He gave us a blow-by-blow account of the whole event.
他给我们详细叙述了整件事。
I'll pay him back/render(实施、执行、给予)/return blow for blow.
我会以牙还牙地报复他。
The fuse/tire blew.
保险丝/轮胎烧断/爆了。
【俚】因笨而失去(良机等);将...搞糟
We had our chance and blew it.
我们曾有一次机会但却失去了。
3.The reductions in pensions come as a stop-gap measure to control Germany’s ballooning pension crisis.
削减养老金作为一项临时措施,是为了控制德国日益加剧的养老金危机。
stop-gap/temporary/short-term
4.Not surprisingly, it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens.
有一点是不足为奇的,即对于老年人来说,这一变化不受欢迎/这是不得人心的。
5.“It was a real shock.”这真是晴天霹雳。
这意外的失败犹如晴天霹雳。
The unexpected defeat came as a thunderbolt.
他的去世犹如晴天霹雳。
His death came as a bolt from the blue.（意外的事）
6.There’s more bad news on the way.更多坏消息接踵而至。（即将到来,在途中）
Winter is on the way./ I ran into them on the way.
7.lower house of Parliament
lower house: a group of elected representatives who make laws in a country, for example the House of Commons in Britain or the House of Representatives in the US
upper house: a group of representatives in a country's parliament, that is smaller and less powerful than the country's Lower House
In the parliaments of the United States, Australia and New Zealand, the lower House is called the House of Representatives and the upperhouse is called the Senate.
在美国、澳大利亚和新西兰,下院称为众议院,上院称为参议院。
8.And Germany is not alone.
德国不是唯一这样做的国家。这样做的不是德国一个国家。这样做的不只是德国。
9.Governments across Western Europe are racing to curb pension benefits.
西欧各国政府正在竞相抑制养老金福利。（争先恐后地Strive to be the first and fear to lag behind）
10.France will require that civil servantsput in 40 years rather that 37.5 to qualify for a full pension.
法国将规定公务员服务40年而不是37.5年,才能享受全额养老金。
put in=work/serve
After three years here you'll qualify for a rise/a promotion.
你在这里三年就可获加薪/被提拔。
The company does not qualify for a government grant.
这家公司没有资格要求政府补助金。
One can qualify for the hall of fame by murdering sufficient people in a sufficiently interesting way.
如果一个人杀了足够数量的人,且杀人方法怪诞,那他也有资格进名人馆。
11.The reforms are coming despite tough opposition from unions, leftist politicians, the pensioners’ groups.
尽管遭到工会、左翼政治家和退休者团体的强烈反对,这些改革措施还是要实施。
leftist: Socialists and Communists are sometimes referred to as leftists.
rightist: If someone is described as a rightist, they are politically conservative and traditional. Rightists support the ideals of capitalism.
12.The explanation/reason/answer is simple.
要这样做道理很简单。It all lies in a nutshell.
13.With fewer young workers paying into the pension system, cuts are being made to cover a growing shortfall.
缴纳养老金的年轻工作者少了,就要靠削减养老金来弥补越来越大的亏空。
cover/make up for
Pig organs are of a similar size to human organs, and some scientists hope they might be used to help meet the shortfall.
猪的器官大小与人的器官相似,一些科学家希望它们可用于弥补器官短缺问题。
The first quarter of this year was expected to bring 1.19 billion US dollars in taxes, yet only 880 million US dollars was actually collected, with a shortfall hitting 310 million US dollars.今年第一季度按计划应征税11.9亿美元,但实际上却只收回了8.8亿美元,缺口高达3.1亿美元。
14.The gap between money coming in and payments going out could top $10 billion this year in Germany alone.
仅在德国,今年人们缴纳的养老金与政府支付的养老金之间的差额有可能高达（超过）100亿美元。
U.S. investments here topped one billion dollars. 美国在这里的投资超过了十亿美元。
The mountain is topped with snow all the year round. 这山顶终年积雪。（覆盖）
Call me when you see a gray car topping the hill. 当你看到一辆灰色的汽车到达山顶时就叫我。（到达顶峰）
15.In the future, a state pension alone will no longer be enough to maintain the living standards employees had before they retired.
将来,雇员单单靠国家养老金不再能够维持退休前的生活水平。
16.The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves.
福利国家出生的人太少,死亡的人也太少（出生率和死亡率都太低）。
17.Some countries, such Britain and the Netherlands, have responded by making individuals and their employers assume more of the responsibility for pensions.
有些国家,例如英国和荷兰,应对的办法是让雇员个人及其雇主在缴纳养老金上承担更多的责任。
assume 假设、承担、呈现、假装
I assumed that he had gone for a stroll. 我想他去散步了。
The prince assumed power when he was only fifteen. 王子在十五岁时就掌权了。
His illness assumed a very grave character. 他的病显得非常的严重。
He assumed a look of surprise. 他装出吃惊的神色。
18.But many Continental governments dragged their feet.
但是许多欧洲大陆国家的政府却迟迟不动。迟迟未作决定
drag one’s feet/heels 故意行动缓慢 drag on vi.拖延 The speech dragged on for two hours.
19.Now, the rapid run-up in costs is forcing them to act.
现在,养老金开支急剧飙升,迫使他们采取行动。
Pole vaulters need long run-ups.撑竿跳需要长距离助跑。
The company believes the products will sell well in the run-up to Christmas.这家公司认为这些产品在圣诞节前夕将卖的好。（The run-up to an event is the period of time just before it.）
20.Pensions account for an average 21% of government spending across the European Union.
在欧盟各国,养老金平均占政府开支的21%。
He'll have to account for where every cent goes.他得说明所花掉的每一分钱的用途。
Who will have to account for the misprints in the dictionary? 谁必须对字典中的印刷错误负责?
21.Their governments have no choice but to make pension reform a priority.
这些国家的政府别无选择,只能把养老金改革作为一个优先考虑的事情。
The search for a new vaccine took priority over all other medical research.
在各种医药研究中,应首先解决寻找新疫苗的问题。
Safety has high priority in factories. 工厂里安全至关重要。
You must decide what your priorities are. 你应该分清轻重缓急.
The Government gave (top) priority to reforming the legal system. 政府将改革法制列为工作的重点.
22.Just as worrisome is the toll being exacted on the private sector.
同样令人忧虑的是私营部门正在遭受的损失。
as … as… 倒装句
toll n.损失、伤亡人数、费用 tollgate
The death toll has risen to 200. 死亡人数已上升到两百人。
exact vt.强求、索取
I finally managed to exact a promise from them.我最终迫使他们做出了保证。
The kidnappers exacted ransoms for their hostages. 绑匪勒索人质的赎金。
23.Corporate contributions to state pension systems – which make up 19.5% of total gross pay in Germany – add to Europe’s already bloated labor costs. That, in turn, blunts manufacturers’ competitiveness and keeps unemployment rates high.
在德国,公司向国家养老金计划缴纳的金额占全部毛工资的19.5%,使得欧洲早就高昂的劳动力成本又有所增加。这反过来削弱了制造商的竞争力,同时又使失业率居高不下。
bloat vt.肿胀
in turn 依次地,反过来
The girls called out their names in turn.那些女孩儿逐一报出自己的名字。
blunt a.迟钝的、直率的vt.使变迟钝、变钝
Blunt scissors don't cut cleanly.钝剪刀剪不齐。
I suffered a blunt refusal when I called him.当我打电话给他时遭到他的断然拒绝。
24.To cope, Germany and most of its EU partners are using tax breaks to encourage employees to put money into private pension schemes.
为了应付这种局面,德国及其大多数欧盟伙伴正在通过减税来鼓励员工们在私人养老金账户里存钱。tax cut/tax slash/tax reduction/duty reduction
25.While today’s seniors complain about reduced benefits, the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents’ pension checks with envy.
尽管今天的老年人抱怨养老金福利遭到削减,但是当下一代退休的人回过头来看他们父辈的养老金支票的时候,也许会羡慕不已。
She can look back on her career with great satisfaction.她回顾自己的经历觉得心满意足。
（二）翻译技法之状语从句
Translating Adverbial Clauses
9类：
a. 时间、地点、条件：英文中前置后置都有，中文中通常前置（1-3）；
b. 原因、目的、结果：原因、目的英语中前后都有，汉语中也前后都有但侧重点不同；结果，英汉语中都置后（4-6）；
c. 比较、方式、让步：英语的比较、方式状语一般置后，汉语前后都可；英语的让步前后均有，汉语前置较多（7-8）。
1. Scientists believe that life on earth began before its atmosphere was transformed from hydrogen and hydrogen compounds to oxygen and nitrogen.
科学家们相信，地球上的生命在大气由氢和氢化合物变为氧和氮之前就已开始。
2. The air had the curious stillness which precedes the moment of sunset, when the birds of day have stopped their noises and the sounds of night have not begun.
日落之前，天地间异常寂静。此时，白天吵闹的鸟儿已经停息，而晚间的声音还没有开始。
3. I’d like to think about that for a bit, if you don’t mind.
我打算把这件事再想想，假如你不介意的话。
4. He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
他轻轻推开房门，悄悄溜了出去，以免惊醒她。
5. Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.
他深信这件事准确可靠，因此坚持己见。
6. You took me because I was useful. There is no question of gratitude between us, said Rebecca.
我有用，你才收留我。咱们之间谈不到感恩不感恩，丽贝卡说。
7. The force is usually resolved in such a way that the components are at right angles to each other.
力通常是按两个分力彼此成90度角来分解的。
8. He will not reveal the secret even if he knows it.
即便知道这个秘密，他也不肯说出来。
9. When Lister read of these experiments he saw that in them, as he had long suspected, lay the final clue to his own problem.
李斯特在读到有关这些试验的报告时，从中找到了最终解决他的问题的线索----这正是他长期以来未敢肯定的。
四、作业
背诵课上所学内容；自学Unit 8-1&2、Unit12-1。
第六次课第十二单元：亚太经济合作组织与中国、专八翻译练习
一、课程成果
1. 亚太经合组织相关翻译&课外翻译练习
2. 专八翻译练习
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 第十二单元练习一&课外翻译练习：1课时
2. 专八翻译练习：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）小考及重难点讲解：第十二单元：亚太经济合作组织与中国
（二）课外翻译练习
Chinese Mortgages in the UK 中行房贷现身英国
The Bank of China's entry into the British market will come as a surprise to some and a relief to many.
It hasn't been crippled by the credit crunch and it's rich with Chinese savings when many big European banks are still struggling with massive government bailout loans. The Chinese also bring with them more than a whiff of old-fashioned banking; the kind of rules that prevailed before the credit crunch, when bankers actually talked first to their customers.
The Bank will use its own capital, another return to past practice. Economists will laud what's happening as evidence that the market does work: the Chinese earn money from selling cheap goods to Europeans, then save what they earn in banks which then cycle the money back to Europeans as loans for them to buy property. Others have spotted the same opportunities as the Bank of China. Israeli and Swedish banks, also less affected by the credit crunch than the mainstream European banks, are offering loans in the potentially lucrative British home loans market substantially cheaper than the local alternative.
（三）专八翻译练习
学校教育给我们的好处不单只是灌输知识，最大的好处恐怕还在给予我们求友的机会。这好处我到了离开学校后才知道，这几年来更确切地体会到，深悔当时毫不自觉，马马虎虎地过去了。近来每日早晚在路上见到两亮三三的携着书包、携着手或挽着肩膀走着的青年学生，我总艳羡他们有朋友之乐，暗暗地要在心中替他们祝福。
四、作业
背诵课上所学内容；自学Unit 12-2。
第七次课第十二单元：亚洲的发展、同位结构的翻译方法
一、课程成果
1. 亚洲的发展的相关翻译&课外翻译练习
2. 同位语的翻译方法
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 第十二单元练习二&课外翻译练习：1课时
2. 翻译技法：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）小考及重难点讲解：第十二单元：亚洲的发展
（二）课外翻译练习
The Noisy Horn of South Africa 南非喇叭的噪音
Its sound has been compared to a swarm of angry bees; even an elephant with constipation. But the blowing of the vuvuzela could, if anyone can hear themselves speak, be one of the talking points of the next World Cup.
A metre long and used like a trumpet, the plastic horn is the constant soundtrack to South African domestic football. But opinion is divided as to whether it will be a welcome addition to next June’s event.
Television networks and players have complained and they've now been joined by the head of the Japanese football association. Speaking after his side played a friendly in South Africa, Motoaki Inukai said the noise was so loud that players just a few metres apart still couldn't hear each other. He said he would raise the issue at the World Cup draw on 4 December and wanted FIFA to ban the vuvuzela from all games not involving the hosts. Despite the noise, and a change of coach, South Africa's team Bafana Bafana show no sign of improving. Currently ranked 85th in the world, they've failed to score a goal in any of their last four games.
（三）翻译技法之同位语
Translation Technique----同位结构词句子
无标记：同位结构前后成分之间没有任何标志。
Unlike oxygen, the element nitrogen is not active.
与氧不同，元素氮不活泼。
•有标记：
•标点：“，” “--”；
We have been fortunate to have Mr. Jackson, a distinguished linguist from the US, with us today.
今天能邀请到美国著名的语言学家杰克逊先生，我们感到非常荣幸。
•有标记：
•引导词：“or” “including” “for example” “namely”
The boiling temperature, or boiling point, is the temperature at which a liquid boils under ordinary pressure.
沸腾温度，即沸点，是液体在常压下沸腾的温度。
•同位语从句：
•常用that引出，与定语从句十分相似；
•先行词一般是fact, statement, conclusion等有待后面从句具体说明其内容得词。
All delegations expressed confidence that the talks would prove constructive and fruitful.
所有代表团都表示了信心，认为会谈将会是建设性的和富有成效的。
Sentence Exercises
a. The fact that the electronic computer is developing most rapidly is so attractive in all countries of the world.
电子计算机正在飞速发展，这一事实引起了世界各国的注意。
b. The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfields of the world.
看一看一幅标有世界各大油田的地图，就可以证实关于石油形成与海洋的论断。
c. He is now faced with an important decision – a decision that can affect his entire future.
他现在正面临着一个重大的决策，这个决策将影响他的整个前程。
d. One aspect of a feudal mentality which held women in a subordinate position was the idea that there were certain things that woman could not do.
认为妇女低人一等的封建意识的一个表现，就是认为有些事情妇女做不了。
e. In a few years’ time his children would graduate, and he was happy in the belief that the education they had received would enable them to make a useful contribution to society.
几年后，他的孩子们就要毕业了。他相信他们所受到的教育会使他们对社会做出有益的贡献，因而他很高兴。
f. This experiment leads to the conclusion that unlike charges attract each other.
这个试验得出这样一个结论：异性电荷相吸。
g. Literally hundreds of heart-warming stories unfolded in every corner of the county – stories of neighbor helping neighbor, of young helping old, of rich helping poor.
可以毫不夸张地说，镇上的大街小巷感人至深的事迹何止千百：邻里互帮互助，年轻人帮助老年人，富人帮助穷人。
h. An excellent, all-round student with a congenial personality, Miss Ruel is a promising candidate for WOW, an international scholarship program for outstanding women around the world.
鲁尔小姐是一个全面发展、品学兼优的学生，堪称WOW的准候选人；所谓WOW就是为世界各国杰出妇女而设的一个国际性奖学金项目。
四、作业
背诵课上所讲内容；自学Unit 13-1。
第八次课第十三单元：世界无烟日、专八翻译练习
一、课程成果
1. 世界无烟日的相关翻译&课外翻译练习
2. 专八翻译练习
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 第十三单元练习一&课外翻译练习：1课时
2. 专八翻译练习：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）小考及重难点讲解：第十三单元：世界无烟日
（二）课外翻译练习
Made in China
The label, Made in China, is one that is becoming increasing common in shopping centers all over the world. In the United States, shoppers at Wal-Mart the nation’s largest retailer have a wide selection of products mostly produced in China. The large amount of Chinese imports have created a large selection of goods in other countries as people begin to buy more and more products made in China. These goods are even readily available in other Asian nations, where Chinese-made goods are quite popular. Chinese brand names are also becoming more well-known outside of China. The development of China has amazed the world with its growth. And also, as China is a developing economy with large amounts of labor, industries are beginning to relocate in an effort to minimize costs and increase profits. The results of these relocations are that nations are beginning to try to limit the flow of Chinese goods with the use of taxes and import restrictions. Despite this tension, the effect of development on the Chinese economy has been massive. The rise of the Chinese domestic industry and the large amounts of trade with the international community have given the Chinese economy a large amount of influence. This influence will no doubt lead to even more development as China continues to expand its role in the international community.
（三）专八翻译练习
中国是最大的发展中国家，市场广阔，发展迅速，劳动力成本低，但资金短缺、科技和管理相对落后。美国是最大的发达国家，经济总量大，资本充足，科技发达，但劳动力成本高。这种差异性和互补性，将在今后长期存在，在经济全球化的大背景下显得更加突出。这就是中美贸易能够持续快速发展的客观基础。
四、作业
背诵课上所学内容；自学Unit13-2。
第九次课第十三单元：金钱与时间、强调句型的翻译方法
一、课程成果
1. 金钱与时间的相关翻译&课外翻译练习
2. 翻译技法
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 第十三单元练习二&课外翻译练习：1课时
2. 翻译技法：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）小考及重难点讲解：第十三单元：金钱与时间
（二）课外翻译练习
Over 20% of Chinese Toys Substandard
More than 20 percent of Chinese toys and baby clothes are substandard, according to the country's consumer safety watchdog, according to a report on Monday. Some toys made by local factories were even potentially dangerous, the Beijing News said, citing a nationwide probe by the General Administration of Quality Supervision(管理监督), Inspection(检查) and Quarantine(检疫隔离). Industrial waste, including dirty carpet fluff, paper and used instant-noodle packaging, was found stuffed inside some toys made by factories in the northern province of Hebei and sold at rock-bottom prices nationwide, the newspaper added. "These fluffy toys with bacteria or even viruses in them could cause children to itch if they touch them for a short time, or even cause disease over the long term," the newspaper said. Some toys had parts that could be easily torn off and potentially injure children, it said, adding that it was not uncommon for children to get sick or die because of poor-quality toys. The watchdog found that some baby clothes contained chemicals that could cause skin problems, the newspaper said. About 5 percent of baby milk powder tested was found to be of poor quality, with some containing excessive amounts of nitrate, it added.
（三）翻译技法之强调句型
强调句型的翻译
1、采用倒装或前置来强调句子中的某些成分，被强调部分通常放在句首。
Such good students we have never seen.
A terrible mess you have made of it.
Not a word did she say the whole two hours.
On no account must we disregard the rights of the consumers.
Very strange the thing seemed.
More serious was the problem of environmental pollution.
So small was the trademark that I could hardly notice it.
2、在动词前面加上助动词do，也是表示强调的一种方法。
She did accomplish the task in time.
The road is very slippery. Do be careful when you go out.
I do like costume designing very much.
3、在what, where, who, why, how等疑问词后面加上the devil, the hell, on earth, in (或under) heaven, the dickens等词组用来加强语气，有时在某些否定词或最高级后面也可以加上on earth以加强语气，可译成汉语“究竟”、“到底”、“全然”等词。
Who the devil is that woman?
Where the hell have you been hiding?
What on earth is the matter over there?
How on earth can one accomplish such a feat?
What in heaven did you say to her?
What the hell are you doing?
No use on earth!
That is the funniest thing on earth.
Who the dickens is this man?
3、用“it is + 被强调部分 + that”这种句型来表示强调。
It was Thomas Edison who invented the gramophone.
It is this motion that we call heat.
It is trough conflict that we learned this truth.
4、有些表示程度的形容词或副词，也可能用来增强语气。
You are the very man I am looking for.
The Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.
The pear is rotten right through.
This is much the best.
The landscape of the Summer Palace is extremely wonderful.
That article was simply ridiculous.
An elephant is far larger than a horse.
四、作业
背诵课上所学内容；自学Unit14-1。
第十次课第十四单元：世界兴起“汉语热”、专八翻译练习
一、课程成果
1. “汉语热”的相关翻译&课外翻译练习
2. 专八翻译练习
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 十四单元练习一& 课外翻译练习：1课时
2. 专八翻译练习：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）小考及重难点讲解：第十四单元：世界兴起“汉语热”
（二）课外翻译练习
Civil Service Exam Turns Tougher
The huge thirst for jobs in the civil service has made the national civil servant exam one of China's most competitive tests. The first exam was held in 1995, and since then more and more people have signed up for it, with applications reaching a peak over the last two years.
The latest online survey, carried out by China Youth Daily and www.qq.com, found that more than 73 per cent of young people want to work as civil servants. Of the 17,330 respondents, about 83 per cent said they were attracted by the job's stability, guaranteed health care and pension. Meanwhile, 55 per cent said it could bring "practical profits."
Nearly 1 million people applied to take the exam last year, yet only just over 10,000 were finally employed. This year the stiff competition continued. The exact number of applicants is not known, with the final day for applications yesterday. But the influx of applicants has already broken the exam's website once. China Youth Daily reported that the site was forced to close for maintenance due to unusually high traffic on the night of October 16. In a typical year several hundred applicants will apply for many of the jobs listed. For example, the five job vacancies provided by the secretariat of the Central Committee of the Party have this year attracted more than 3,880 applicants. In general, the exam means 50 people competing for one post, the report said.
Positions as civil servants are attractive, not only because of the stable income and good health care, but also because of the low risks compared with the power and profits the positions enjoy.
Among the total 6 million public servants, around 20,000 were sacked between 1996 and 2003.
（三）专八翻译
中共中央对今年工作的总体要求是：以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，认真贯彻党的十六大精神，坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务，积极应对国内外环境变化带来的困难和挑战，坚持扩大内需的方针，继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，进一步深化改革，全面提高对外开放水平，加快经济结构的战略性调整，促进国民经济持续快速健康发展，实现速度和结构、质量、效益相统一。正确处理改革发展稳定的关系，切实加强民主法制建设、精神文明建设和党的建设，促进社会主义物质文明、政治文明和精神文明协调发展。
四、作业
背诵课上所学内容；自学Unit14-2。
第十一次课第十四单元：日本留学生在上海、长句的翻译方法
一、课程成果
1.日本留学生在上海的相关翻译方法
2. 翻译技法：长句
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 第十四单元练习二&课外翻译练习：1课时
2. 翻译技法练习：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）小考及重难点讲解：第十四单元：日本留学生在上海
（二）课外翻译练习
Higher Housing Price
The ever-rising price of property in China has become cause of worry for an increasing number of people, shows a survey.
Despite the measures taken last year to cool down the overheated real estate market , fewer people now believe that the prices would stabilize in the near future.
Only one-fifth of the 2,582 people polled by China Youth Daily's social research centre, sina.com and ePanel Marketing Research & Consulting Co were confident that the government's steps would check the trend. Their percentage was 60 in a similar survey conducted only two years ago.
The poll results announced yesterday showed another significant change: instead of blaming real estate investors for raising the prices to earn huge profits, as respondents had done two years ago, more people now blame the government's vulnerability in macro-control measures for the malaise.
The rising demand and the concurrent raising of prices by investors are to blame, said Bao Zonghua, president of China Real Estate and Housing Research Association. "And the macro-control measures need time to take effect."
Almost all the respondents said there was a "bubble" in the real estate market, with nearly half being certain that it would burst in 10 years. But almost 40 percent believe that the "bubble" would never burst.
A whopping 80 percent believe that real estate prices would continue to rise this year, and 30 percent fear it would do so at a greater pace.
（三）翻译技法之长句
长句练习
1. Four milestones can be identified in the slow process by which meteorology has been transformed from the beginning stages when it embraced most of sciences, on through an era of narrow concern with local weather conditions to the present, when its subject matter is so broadened and changed that it has even acquired a new name – the atmospheric science.
2. One of the ugliest fights of Lister’s career was with the Glasgow infirmary where he had started his practice of antiseptic surgery, for they bitterly resented an attack upon the position of their buildings, which happened to be built a few feet above a cholera pit where hundreds of bodies were still decaying.
3. You must fix in mind the symbols and formulae, definitions and laws of physics, no matter how complex they may be, when you come in contact with them, in order that you may understand the subject better and lay a solid foundation for further study.
4. In that same village, and in one of these very houses (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple good-natured fellow of the name of Rip Van Winkle.
5. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.
四、作业
背诵课上所学内容；自学Unit15-1
第十二次课第十五单元：上海大剧院、上海文化设施
一、课程成果
了解上海大剧院及上海文化设施的相关翻译
二、学时安排（2 课时）
英译汉练习：2课时
三、教学内容
Since the 1990s, the city has speeded up construction of cultural facilities. Such new facilities include the Shanghai Museum’s new gallery, Shanghai Library, Shanghai Grand Theater, Shanghai Book City, Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall, the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, the Oriental Art Center and the Oriental Green Land juvenile education and recreational center. By the end of 2008, the city had 29 cultural centers and mass artistic activities centers, 105 art troupes, 29 public libraries, 41 archive offices, and 110 museums.
Shanghai Library
Shanghai Library is a large, modern and multi-functional public library, covering a combined floor space of 83,000 square meters. The 3,036-seat library boasts a collection of 13.2 million volumes of publications, 38 reading rooms, 24 research rooms, and eight audio-video rooms. The library has a lecture hall, an exhibition hall, a multifunctional hall and a seminar room where advanced computer management facilitates international academic exchanges.
Shanghai Museum
Shanghai Museum, with a total floor area of 38,000 square meters, opened in late 1995. The upper part of the building is round and the lower part square, reflecting the ancient Chinese belief in the“hemispherical dome cosmology”. The square shape indicates all directions on earth and the round shape implies the cycle of cultural evolution. There are 10 galleries, including the Ancient Chinese Bronze Gallery, the Ancient Chinese Pottery and Ceramics Gallery, and the Ancient Chinese Paintings Gallery. It houses special rooms for repairing cultural relics, mounting Chinese paintings and calligraphy works and doing academic research. Boasting a collection of more than 126,900 rare cultural relics, Shanghai Museum enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad.
Shanghai Grand Theater
Shanghai Grand Theater is a world-class arena. With a total floor area of 62,800 square meters, the theater has a main theater seating 2,000 and a stage of nearly 760 square meters. Its three theaters feature ballet, opera and symphony respectively. In its huge arc-shape dome, there is a 500-seat multi-functional hall.
Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall
The largest of its kind throughout the world, the facility covers a total floor space of 18,400 square meters. The roof is a grid in the shape of four portals of a white magnolia, the city flower. It offers exhibitions, data searching, study and exchange, education and leisure and sightseeing services. The center features the theme of“City, Human, Environment and Development”. It has a 1:200 giant model of the city center, covering 800 square meters. In the basement is a 45-meter-long mock scene of an old Shanghai street.
Shanghai Science and Technology Museum
Featuring the theme of“Nature, Man and Science and Technology”, the museum serves as a center for exhibition, education, scientific study and exchange, exhibits collection and production, and leisure and tourism. With a total floor space of 98,000 square meters, the museum has seven exhibition areas for the Earth’s Crust, Life, Light of Wisdom, Audio-Video Paradise, Cradle of Designers, Children’s Garden, and Natural Science. It also has a large 3-D screen cinema, a 360-degree circular screen cinema and a 4-D screen cinema. It receives about 3 million visitors a year.
Oriental Art Center
The butterfly orchid-shaped architecture has a total floor area of nearly 40,000 square meters. It has a 1,953-seat concert hall, a 1,020-seat opera hall and a 333-seat music hall. It boasts the top-class acoustic and lighting facilities in the world, geared for symphony, ballet, musical, opera and other performances.
Oriental Green Land
Located by the Dianshan Lake in Qingpu District, it is one of the top sites in the country for juvenile extracurricular education and entertainment. Covering more than 3,700 hectares, the center is divided into eight areas, including the Bravery and Wisdom, the Knowledge Boulevard, the National Defense Education, the Wildness Surviving, the Creation Activities, the Aquatic Sports, the Daily Life Practice, and the Sport Training. It has a lawn extending 170,000 square meters, 110,000 trees and more than 400 types of flowers, which blends perfectly with buildings of a variety of foreign styles.
四、作业
详细研究大连市政府网站内容http://en.dl.gov.cn/pub/dl_gov/english/）并学习。
第十三次课第十五单元：豫园、浦东的发展
一、课程成果
1. 了解豫园及浦东发展的翻译方法
2. 专八翻译练习
二、学时安排（2 课时）
英译汉练习：2课时
三、教学内容
Pudong Today
The Chinese name of Pudong indicates that it is on the eastern side of the city’s mother river, the Huangpu River. Before the 1990s, the area featured paddies and fishing villages, where the socio-economic development lagged far behind that in Puxi, the city on the western side of the river. In 1990, China adopted the policy of opening and reforming Pudong, and three years later, the new area government was established. After 18 years of opening and reform undertakings, the area has established itself as a modern urban district geared toward investment environment and multifunctional services, becoming a window showcasing the country’s reform and opening achievements and a mirror of Shanghai’s modern construction. It covered 532.75 square kilometers and was home to a permanent population of 1.9428 million by the end of 2008. (Note: The Merging of Nanhui District into Pudong New Area was announced in May 2009.)
Economic Development
Pudong has been playing an exemplary and spearheading role in industrial upgrading, service expanding and system reforming. In 1990, Pudong’s economic added value was only 6.024 billion yuan, but the figure soared to more than 100 billion yuan in 2000 and 200 billion yuan another four years later. In 2008, Pudong New Area’s added value totaled 315.099 billion yuan, up 11.6% over the previous year according to the comparable prices. The figure also represented an 18fold rise over 1990, or an annual growth of 17.8% on average.
Free Trade Zone
In 2008, the Waigaoqiao port realized US$15.81 billion worth of export, up 2.5% over the previous year, handled 131.228 million tons of cargo, up 0.4%, and 15.387 mil- lion TEUs of containers, down 1.2%. In the year, the revenue of the logistic firms in the zone totaled 235.6 billion yuan, up 13.6% from the previous year. The zone’s 3,192 companies had developed trade ties with 192 countries and regions.
Export Processing Zone
In 2008, the zone’s industrial output value totaled 250.104 billion yuan, up 5.6% over the previous year. The auto-making sector finished industrial output of 39.852 billion yuan in the year, accounting for 15.9% of the zone’s total. The zone had 99 production-oriented service businesses, earning 14.819 bil- lion yuan worth of revenue. In the year, the zone approved 76 more overseas-invested projects, involving contracted invest- ment of US$386 million. The zone has attracted regional head- quarters of 44 transnational companies and major domestic businesses, which are the major operations of service outsourcing.
High-Tech Park
In 2008, the Zhangjiang High-tech Park applied for 5,000 patents and saw 1,825 approved. The park certified 167 high- tech companies. Software giant Hewlett-Packard, world-lead- ing biomedicine R&D center Abbott Laboratories and Focus Media Holding Ltd, a leading media enterprise, launched their projects in the park. The park’s total output value of elec- tronic and IT manufacturing reached 25.83 billion yuan, up 14.8% from the previous year. The figure for the bio-medi- cine makers reached 7.806 billion yuan, up 13.2%.
四、作业
详细研究大连经济技术开发区英文网站内容并学习。
第十四次课第十六单元：关于克隆人的争论、专八翻译练习
一、课程成果
1. 了解克隆人的翻译方法
2. 专八翻译练习
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 课外翻译练习：1课时
2. 专八翻译练习：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）课外翻译练习
Is Cloning the Future?
Saving lives has always been an important mission of science. Now science, and indeed all society, is facing a new dilemma：whether or not to try and save more lives through human cloning.
The first cloning experiments in the 1950s involved frogs and toads. It was not until 1997 that scientists successfully cloned the first mammal, the now world-famous sheep known as Dolly. Cloning techniques have continued to improve since then, and today there are cloned mice, salmon, and cattle.
Some scientists want to apply the methods used in cloning animals to produce skin, organs, and other body parts for humans. One of these methods involves taking adult cells from the brain or blood and growing them into new tissues. Another, more complex, technique takes embryo cells and develops them into a wide variety of cell types and tissues. It is this planned use of human embryos that has resulted in controversy and criticism.
The cloning of human cells provides the potential to find cures and eliminate diseases. The dream of some researchers is to create a utopian world of good health. Others question whether it is right to "Play God" in an attempt to cure the disabilities and diseases of this world.
Some of the great hopes for cloning include the ability to perform transplants, whenever they are needed, using cloned organs. For example, people with lung cancer may simply have their lungs replaced with healthy ones. Scientists also look forward to the day when people in wheelchairs can walk again, and illnesses such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease can be prevented.
Many people fear the effects cloning could have on our society. They imagine masses of identical people, and the production of "perfect" humans for warfare or slave labor. We might even see headless human bodies being stored at hospitals for their "spare parts." With such thought-provoking possibilities for the 21st century, human cloning will no doubt continue to receive widespread attention and scrutiny.
（二）专八翻译练习
四、作业
背诵课上所学内容；自学Unit16-2。
第十五次课第十六单元：香港特别行政区、时事文章翻译
一、课程成果
1. 香港特别行政区的翻译
2. 时事文章翻译练习
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1.第十六单元练习二：1课时
2. 翻译练习：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）第十六单元：香港特别行政区自学答疑
（二）时事文章翻译
四、作业
背诵课上所学内容
第十六次课课程复习、答疑
一、课程成果
1. 课程复习
2. 答疑
二、学时安排（2 课时）
1. 课程复习：1课时
2.答疑：1课时
三、教学内容
（一）课程复习
（二）答疑
